TO    HIS 


Persian  Inscriptions 


'AMERICAN   BOOK  COMPANY.) 


BY 


HERBERT  GUSHING  TOLMAN,  Ph.  D.  (YALE) 


PROFESSOR   OF   SANSKRIT,    ACTING   PROFESSOR   OF  GREEK, 
UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA.      FOREIGN  MEM- 
BER OF  THE  ROYAL  ASIATIC  SOCIETY. 


California 

gional 

sility 


First  Issue. 


CHAPEL  HILL,  N.  C. 

THE  UNIVERSITY    PRESS. 
1894. 


SOME  CRITICAL  AND  SUPPLEMENTARY  NOTES 

TO    HIS 

Guide  to  Old  Persian  Inscriptions 

BY 

HERBERT  cr'SIUXG  TOLMAX\  Ph.  I). 

UNIVERSITY   OF  NORTH    CAROLINA. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Constant  reference  shouM  be  made  to  the  Median  and 
Assyrian  translations.  For  this  end  the  author  recom- 
mends the  folio  wing",  (i.)  Die  Achaemeniden-fttschrif- 
ten.  Transscription  des  babylonischen  Textcs  nebst 
Uebersetzung-,  textkritischen  Anmerkung-en  und-einem 
Worter-und  Eig"ennamcnverzeichniss  von  Carl  Bezold. 
Mit  dem  Keilschrifttexte  der  kleineren  Achameniden-In- 
chriften  autographirt  von  Paul  Hawpt,  Leipzig-,  1882. 
24  M.  (2.)  Die  Achaemeniclenhischriften  Zweiter  Art. 
Entzifferung-  des  Syllabars  mit  Schrifttafel,  Abriss  der 
Grammatik,  Texte  in  lateinischer  Umschrift  mit  gegen- 
iiberstehender  deutscher  Uebersetzung-,  •  Commentar  und 
textkritische  Anmerkung-en,  Worterbuch,  Keilschrif- 
texte  in  Autographic  von  F.  H.  WeissbacH,  Leipzig-,  1890. 
30  M.  For  the  best  critical  edition  of  the  original  Old 
Persian  text,  the  following-;  Die  Altpersischen  Keil- 
ittschrifteit  herausg-eg-eben  von  F.  H.  Weissbach  und  W. 
Bang,  Leipzig1,  1893-4.  Frequent  reference  has  been 
made  to  this  edition  in  these  -notes  under  the  abbrevia- 
tion W.  &  B. 

UNIVERSITY  OK  NORTH  CAROLINA, 
March,  1894. 


189 

I. 
THE  INSCRIPTION  OF  CYRUS,  p.  53. 

Cf.  statement  p.  117.  W\  &.  B.  remark,  "  ob  die  Inschrift 
de in  ifrvsscii  A'vros  oder  dem  Brndcr  dcs  .  \  rtarxcrxcs  Miic- 
mon  zuzusprechen  sei  ist  noch  nicht  vollig  klar,"  giving- 
the  title  "Kyros  der  Jiingere."  Kossowicz,  "Breviuscu- 
lam  hanc  inscriptionem  Cyri  sepulchralis  monumeiiti 
nonnulli  doctorum  virorum  putant  esse."  Spiegel,  "Ich 
sche  daher  keineii  Grund  dem  alten  Kyrus  dieses  Denk- 
mal  abzusprechen."  Saj-ce,  Herodotos,  p.  75,  "The 
tomb  of  Kyrus  at  Murg-hab  cannot  belong-  to  the  founder 
of  the  Persian  empire  on  account  of  its  architectural 
ornamentation,  and  probably  belongs  to  the  brother  of 
Xerxes,  the  satrap  of  Kgypt,  who  is  called  Akhaemenes 
by  Ktesias." 

II. 
THE  INSCRIPTION  OF  DARIUS. 

THE    BEHISTAN    INSCRIPTION. 

2.  Ctfishpaish,  So  Spiegel.     W.  &  B.,  Cishpaish. 

3.  Amata,  Cf.  note  p.  118.     W.  &B.,  "erprobt." 

4.  Duvitat«rntfm.     W.  &  B..  "in  zwei  Reihen."   Spie- 
gel, "gesondert."     Oppert,  "en  deux  branches." 

5.  Agata,  Doubtful  word;  it  has  long  been  considered 
a   false  reading.     Cf.  note  p.  119.     W.  &  B.,  Daushta. 
See  vocabulary.     Spiegel,  Agrrta,  with  remark  "falsche 
Lesung." 

5.  Ariktf.  W.  &B.,Arik«.  Spiegel,  Araika,  adding", 
"man  kann  indessen  auch  Arika  lesen." 


190 

S.  Athrthy.  See  p.  29  §  45,  n.  4;  p.  30,  §  50,  n.  W.  & 
B.,  Athrthy#.  So  Spiegel. 

11.  Mahya  XIV  rtfuc^bish  thakata.  ah«  yadiy.  W. 
&  B..  "am  14  tage  war  es,  als. 

11.  (H)uvamarshiyush.     See  Translation.     So  W.  & 
B.,   "durch  Selbstmord." 

12.  Ayrtsta  uvaip«sliiy«ni  akuta.  See  Translation.    So 
W.  &  B.,   "handelte  nach  seinem  eigenen  Willen." 

13.  Patiyavahaiy.    Oppert  considered  this  a  demonina- 
tive  from  noun  av«h.     Speigel  following-  Kern  gives  a 
root  vah  "preisen." 

13.  Kamanaibish.     The  Assyrian  and  Median  trans- 
lations render  "few."     See  vocabulary.     W.  &B.,  K«m- 
ntfibish,    "mit    wenigen     Mannern."     Spiegel,     "  Dass 
nicht  Kanitfiirt  sondern   Kamn«  zu  lesen  sei  sowie  dass 
das  Wort  wenig,  sparlich  bedeute  wie  auch  np.  kam,  ist 
jetzt  durch  die  Uebersetzung-en  sicher  g-estellt,"  Bertin, 
Cuneiform    Grammar,  1888,  p.  116,  ktfmtfnaibish    "with 
faithful  men."     So  Kossowicz  and  Rawlinson. 

14.  Grtthva,  Cf.  note  p.  57.     W.  &  B.,  Gathva. 

14.  Ayrtdtfna  —  -  v(i)  thibishca.  See  Translation  p. 
121.  W.  &  B.,  "Die  Tempel,  welche  Gaumata,  der 
Mager  zerstort  hatte,  stellte  ich  wieder  her,  fur  das  Volk 
die  Hilfsmittel,  die  Herden  und  das  Wohnen  in  den  Hau- 
sern.  (?) 

16.  Up<7d«m(n)m«hya.     So  Spiegel.     W.  &  B.,  Up«- 


16.  Naditabira.     So  Spiegel.      W.   &  B.,   N«di(n)t«- 


16.  Anrzi-hya.     W.  &  B.,  Aina(ira)hya. 

16.  Nr/bunitahya.     So  Spiegel.     W.    &  B.,  Nabunai- 

tr.'hya. 


18.  Mtfkauva.  So  Spiegel.  W.  &  B.,  M«(dy«)kauva 
"(teilte  ich  mein  Heer)  in  2  Teile(?)." 

18.  Dashtfbarim.  So  Kern  and  Spieg-el  .  W.  &  B., 
Ushtfbarim  "  auf  Kamele."  So  Oppert.  Kern  remarks, 
Dflshtfbari  ist  deutlich  genug  die  rechte  Hand  emporhc- 
betid," translating1,  "ich  zwangdenFeindzurUebergabe" 
(1869).  Oppert,  "  Alteram  camelis  gestam  feci,  alteri 
equos  suppeditavi "  (1859).  Spiegel,  "Ich  machte  eineri 
Theil  von  dasha-getragen  "  (1881). 

18.  Ashm  -  —  amzyam,  W.  &B.,  As(pa   patiy)a- 
nayam  "fiihrte  ich  Rosse  zu." 

19.  Apiya-       -h-        -a.     W.  &B.,  Apiya  (a)ha(n)- 
(jtft)a  "ward  nis  Wasser  getrieben." 

19.  (H)ufrat#uva.  The  first  member  of  the  compound 
is  (H)u  "well";  the  second  member  may  be  connected 
with  rt.  fra,  cf.  Herod.  I.  194;  or  with  the  Avestan  peretu 
"bridge":  the  "well  bridged"  stream. 

19.  Athiy  Babirum  yatha  -  -  ayam.  W.  &  B.,  A(b)iy 
Babirum  y#(tha  naiy  up)ay«m. 

II. 

1.  Asbaribish  or  as«baribish.  See  vocabulary.  W. 
&  B.,  As«baribish.  So  Spiegel,  who  observes  that  the 
euphonic  combination  would  be  zb,  not  sb. 

3.  Cicikhraish.     W.  &.  B.,  Ci(n)cikhraish. 

4.  Htfcama — .     W.  &B.,  ~H.aca.ma  (at«rsa). 

4.  Ashnaiy  ah«m  abiy  (H)uvrtjam.     See  translation. 
\V.  &  B.,   "(Damals)  war  ich  Susiana  befreundet." 

5.  (H)uv«khsh#t«rahya.      So     Spiegel.      W.    &    B., 
Uvtfkhshtrrthya. 

5.  Hya  v(i)thap«tiy.  See  translation.  W.  &  B., 
"Welches  im  Palaste  war." 


6.  Ma  -         -.     W.  &  B.,  Ma(rush). 
f».  Htfuv  -     -  k«m#mzmciy  n«iy  adar«y«.     W.  &  B., 
Hauv  -    —  n«iy  adarrzyrt  "dieser  hielt  nicht  (Stand). 

6.  VI.    Raucflbiah.       Spiegel,   VI(?)   R«uctfbish.     W. 
&  B.,  XXVII  Rtfucrtbish. 

7.  -         -  naimz.     So  W.  &  B. 

,7.  Hfltnitriyam  —  aj«.     W.  &  B.,  H<?mitriy#m  a.ja. 

7.  VI.  R«ucrtbish.     Spiegel  VI(?):  Rtfucabish.     W.  & 
B.,  VIII.  Rrtucabish. 

8.  H«(n)g-m^ta.     W.  &  B.  Hrtgamata,  but  hrt(n)g-m«ta 
§  45  and  p0ra(n)gnurta  Nr.  a. 

9.  U  -         --am«  naraa.     W.  &  B.,  U(hy)am«. 

9.  .  a yata.     So  W.  &  B. 

10.  -  I nama.      W.  &  B.,   (Iz)i(tush)  nama. 

11.  lyamanam  p«tiy.   W.  &  B.,    "am  Ende."  Spiegel, 
"Am  letzten." 

12.  Kud(u)rush.     W.  &  B.,  Ku(n)d(u)rush.    ' 

13.  Amuth^/.     W.  &  B.,   "vondort." 
13.  Izav«m.     W.  &  B.,  (Hizuva)m. 

13.  Utashrtiy  -  -  ma  av«jam.  W.  &B.,  Utashai(y  cakh- 
shnirt  av)tfj«m  "  stach  ihm  die  augen  aus." 

13.  Duvflrayamoiy,  for  Duw/r«i  +  a.  Cf.  D«st«ya, 
uzamayapatiji  See  note  p.  58,  also  p.  12,  §  4. 

16.  This  section  refers  to  an  engagement  of  Hystas- 
pes  in  Parthia,  as  the  translations  show.  With  the 
army  which  remained  loyal  and  by  the  grace  of  Aura- 
mazda  Hystaspes  defeats  the  rebels.  The  phraseology 
if  supplied,  would  resemble  the  oft  repeated  formula 
describing  victorious  encounters,  e.  g.  II.  f>. 


193 
HI. 


3.  Margvzyrtbish.     W.  &  B.,  Margy^bish. 

5.  Hrtca  y«daya  fratarta,  "  departed  from  duty."  See 
translation.  W.  &  B.,  liess  die  Ehrfurcht  (?). 

7.  Hyaprtram,  "again."  W.  &  B.,  "  ein  anderes  Mai." 

8.  Uvadflidtfya.     W.  &  B.,  Uvad«ic«ya,  following-  the 
Median. 

13.  H«n(?)ditffhy0.  See  note  p.  130.  W.  &  B.,  H«l- 
ditrthyrt.  So  Spieg-el. 

13.  Duban(?)0.     See  note  p.  130.    W.  &  B.,  Dubaltf. 

14.  -          --aptftiy  as«riy#ta.     Doubtful  word.  Spiegel, 
zerbrechen"  (?)  adding-  "  wol  falsche  Lesart."     W.  &  B., 
(uzm«y)ap«tiy  ak«riya(n)tam  "  g-epfahlt  werden."    But 
cf.  note  3  §  45,  p.  29. 

14.  We  know  from  the  translations  that  the  concluding- 
portion  of  the  column  gives  an  account  of  the  execution 
of  Arakha  and  his  allies.  The  phraseolog-y  would  be 
somewhat  similar  to  that  describing-  the  executions  in 
II.  §§  13,  14. 

»  IV. 

2.  Hamahyaya  th«rda,  "wholly  in  (my)  way."  Sec 
note  p.  132.  '  W.  &  B.,  "allerwegen." 

4.  Ytftha  mam  kam«,  "as  desire  (moved)  me."     See 
translation.     W.  &  B.,  "wie  es  mein  Wunsch  (war)." 

4.  Di  -     -.     W.  &  B.,  Di(sh  akun«v«m). 

f>.  Varn«v«tam  thuvam  maty«  durujiyahy,  "let  it 
convince  thee — do  not  deceive  thyself-"  W.  &  B.,  "  er- 
scheine  dir  g-laubwiirdig-,  strafe  es  nicht  Lug-en." 

7.  Auramazda.  t«iyiy«.     W.  &  B.,  Aur«m«z(diyr/)  i<ri- 
yija  "als  Auramazda-verehrer  (schwore  ich  ?)" 

8.  -         -  am«iy.     W.  &  B.,  (api)mrtiy. 


194 


8.  Tha  -       •-.     W.  &  B.,   Thada  (yfltiy). 

8.  Naishim  vanuzvatiy,   "it   may  not  convince  him." 
See  translation.     W.  &  B.,  N«ishim  v«rn«vataiy  "  (und 
es)  nicht  g-laube." 

9.  — a  ahrt(n).     W.  &  B.,    (yat)a  aha    "solang-e  sie 
waren." 

9.  Duvtfrtam.  Doubtful  reading".    See  vocabulary.    W. 
&  B.,  Thrtrda  kartam.     Spiegel,  Duv^rtam,  but  remarks 
on  "falsche  L/esart." 

10.  -  -  -  Nur«m.  So  W.  &  B. 

10.  Thuvam  v«rn«v«tam,  "let  it.  convince  thee."  W. 
&  B.,  erscheine  es  dir  demg-emass  gelaubhaft." 

10.  Avtftha — av<7hy«radiy.  W.  &B.,  Avrttha(avrth)- 
yaradiy. 

12.  Tyfliyha(n)tiy,  "which  are."     W.  &  B.,  "  welche 
es  gibt." 

13. irmriy  trtuma  uprzriy  ab^shtam  up^riy  mam 

naiy   shak^urim .     W.    &  B..  (naiy  ad«m  n«)im«iy 

trtuma  up«riy  abishtam  (?)  up^riy  ayam  n«iy  sh«k«urim 

naiy "weder  ich,  noch  mein  Geschlecht.     Nach  dem 

Gesetze  herrschte  ich  weder  -  -  .  noch " 

13.  Hyrt  h«m<7trtkhsh#ta  m«na  vithiya.     See  transla- 
tion.    So  W.  &  B.,  "welcher  meinem  Hause  beistand." 

13.  Hyrt  iyani  -  -.    W.  &  B.,  Hya  (v)iycm(as«y«),  "  wer 
schadete." 

14.  Hyava.  -  -  tar  -  -.     W.    &  B.,  Hyova,   (a)t^r(ta), 
"oder  ein  Abtriinnig-er." 

15.  Vis«nahy.     Doubtful    reading-.     See    vocabulary. 
W.  &  B.,  Vikrmahy. 

15.  Ava  (?)  avrttha.     W.  &  B.,  Ava  avaiy. 

16.  M m  j«d«n«utuv.  W.  &  B.,  M«(zan«)m  (?)  ku- 

n«utuv  "  mache  Auramazda  gross."  following-  Oppert's 
sug-g^estion. 

19.   Trt-rtiyana .     W.  &  B.,  M«rtiya  a . 


195 
V. 


4.  Ajanam  aniy«m  agvzrbayrtin,  W.  &  B.,  (aniyam 
av)aj«n«tn  aniy</m  agvzrbayrtin,  "den  Einen  totete  ich, 
den  Andern  ergriff  ich." 

INSCRIPTION  OF  ALVEND,  p.  74. 

Shiyatim.     See  note  p.  140.    W.  &B.,    -'Seg-ensfiille." 
Mrtrtiyrthya.     The  translations  show  that  this  may  be 
the  datival  g-enitive,  p.  39,  §  83,  "for  man." 

INSCRIPTIONS  OF  SUEZ,  p.  75. 

b. 


Ty«  -        -.     W.  &   B.,  Tya  (im/sptfrn  u)mar(ti)yam 
H0da  Parsa.     W.  &  B.,  (H«c)a  Parsa. 
Danauvatiy.     W.  &  B.,  D«nu\v/tiy. 
Av«(d«)  yrttha  adr/m.     W.  &  B.,  Pasava  ad«ni. 


INSCRIPTIONS  OF  PERSEPOLIS,  p.  77. 
H. 

Aniyana  naiy  tarsatiy.  See  translation.  So  W.  &  B., 
"zittert  es  vor  keinem  Feinde."  But  see  note,  p.  144. 

Ajflmiya  ma  etc.  See  translation.  So  W.  &  B., 
"Geg-en  deises  Land  ziehe  nicht  eine  (bcise)  Schar,  nicht 
Misswachs,  nicht  Luge." 

Vithibish  btfgvnbish.     Cf.  Bh.  iv.  13.     Aniya 
h^(n)tiy.     W.  &  B.,  "samt  den  Stammesg-ottern." 


V)., 

I. 


Hya  duvttishttfm  shiyatish,  etc.  See  translation  and 
note.  Cf.  W.  &  B.,  "So  wird  fur  lang-e  Zeit  ungfestort 
eine  Seg-ensfiille  durch  Aura  iiber  diesen  Stamni  herab- 
kommeri."  Spieg-el  considered  Aura  as  Voc.  "O  Herr:" 
W.  &  B.  as  Instr.  "durch  Aura." 

INSCRIPTIONS  OF  NAOSHI   KUSTAM,  p.  79. 

a. 

Apataram  lu/ca  Parsa.  See  translation.  So  W.  &  B., 
"ausser  Persien."  Cf.  also  note  p.  146. 

Taktfbrtra.  See  translation.  Cf.  W.  &  B.,  "welche 
g-eflochtenes  Haar  trag^en."  Spieg-el,  "welche  Kronen 
tragen." 

Ciya(n)rar«m,  "manifold."  So  W.  &  B.,  "vielfach," 
and  Spieg-el. 

Khshnasalu/dish.  So  Spieg-el.  W.  &  B.,  Khshnasa- 
h(i)dish. 

Ad^t^iy  azda  brtvatiy,  "then  to  thee  will  be  the 
knowledg^e."  So  W.  &  B.,  "Da  wirst  du  erfahren." 

Martiya  hya — starava.  See  translation  and  supple- 
mentary note.  W.  &  B.,  "O  mensch!  Die  Gebote  Auram- 
azdas  halte  nicht  fur  widerwartigf.  Den  g-eraden  Wegf 
verlass  nicht!  Sei  nicht  ung'erecht!"  Thadaya  is  g-ener- 
ally  connected  with  Avestan  Sad  "seem,"  but  cf.  Thumb's 
note  p.  147. 

Gastrt.  Spieg-el,  "widerwartig-"  Hiibschmann  "iibel," 
but  cf.  Thumb's  note  p.  147. 

Strtrrtvtf,  W.  &  B.  Sttfkrtvtf.  Spieg-el,  Starava.  See 
note  p.  149. 


197 
c. 


.     W.  &  B.,  Arshtib«nz,  "Lanzentrag-er." 
See  vocabulary. 

cl. 

Aspactfna,  ins.,  Vatrabara.    (W.  &B.,  "Genosse(?)"). 
Dasyama.     W.   &  B.,  Dar0ya(n)ta  (?),  "Pfeilbewah- 
rer."     Spiegel,  Dasyama,  "Ziig-elhalter(?)". 


e. 
Maciya,  plural. 

INSCRIPTIONS  OF  XERXES,  p.  81, 

Persepolis. 

D. 

Duvarthim  vis«dahyum.  See  translation.  Cf.  W.  & 
B.,  "Thorweg1  Visadahyu." 

Ana  Parsa.  See  p.  37,  §  73.  So  W.  &  B.,  "in  diesem 
Persien,  but  Cf.  note  on  preposition  Ana,  p.  150. 

Ea. 

Im«  hfldish.  See  translation.  So  W.  &  B.,  "diesen 
Palast." 


198 

A. 

Apataram.  See  translation.  W.  &  B.,  "ausserdem," 
but  in  Nr.  a  they  render  it  "iiusser  (Persien). 

INSCRIPTION  OF  ARTAXERXES  I.  p.  87. 

Spieg-el  attributes  this  inscription  to  Artaxerxes  I, 
remarking-  "Dieser  umstand  ist  es  wol  gewesen,  welcher 
Oppert  beuog-,  vom  Anf ang-  an  diese  Inschrift  dem  altern 
Artaxerxes  zuzutheilen,  weil  der  jiing-ste,  dem  sic  Raw- 
linson  zug-eschrieben  hat,  seine  Inschriften,  wie  es 
scheint,  nicht  mehr  in  drei  Sprachen  abfassen  liess. 
Keinenfalls  kann  die  Vase  dem  Artaxerxes  II  angehoren 
da  dieser  Aegypten  nicht  besessen  hat." 

INSCRIPTION  OF  DARIUS. 

Title.  Spieg-el  in  his  first  edition  referred  this  inscrip- 
tion to  Darius  II.  In  second  edition  he  says  "Fruher 
hatte  icli  diese  Inschrift  sowie  die  beiden  folg-enden 
Darius  II  zuschreiben  wollen  wozu  mich  das  Vorkommen 
des  Ideogrammes  veranlasste,  das  sich  sonst  in  den 
Inschriften  des  Darius  nicht  findet.  Ks  kommt  dasselbe 
jedoch  in  den  Inschriften  des  Xerxes*  wiederholt  vor,  es 
lieg-t  darum  kein  g-eniig-ender  .Grund  vor,  diese  Inschrif- 
ten dem  erstem  Darius  abzusprechen."  Kossowicz  refers 
it  to  Darius  II,  saying-  "Quum,  quae  in  ea  sunt  difficilia, 
ut  e  grammaticis  saltern  leg-ibus,  explicentur,  semper 
etaim  deg-enerantis  ling-uae,  qualis  est  posteriorum  tem- 
porum  inscriptionum,  aliquam  speciem  prae  se  ferre 
videntur."  W.  &  B.  refer  it  to  Darius  I. 


*  See  introduction,  page  10. 


199 


Translation;  Westerg-aard,  "alta  (haec)  arx  (est) 
Darii  regis  g-entis  palatium."  Lassen,  "altis  sub- 
structionibus  (exstructa)  arx  g-entis  Darii  hominum  tuto- 
ris."  Rawlinson,  "Done  by  Ardasta,  the  builder,  the 
relative  of  king-  Darius;"  later,  "a  worthily  placed 
buiding-  made  for  the  family  of  Darius  the  king-.  Oppert, 
Chambranle  de  pierre  (?)  fait  dansle  palais  du  roi  Darius." 
Norris,. "Marble  hall  built  for  the  family  of  Darius  the 
king-.  Kossowicz,  "Culmen  palatii  a  Darii  regis  cog-nato 
exstructum."  Spiegel,  "Hochbau  von  Stein  durch  einen 
Clang-enossen  des  Konig-  Darius  ausg-efiihrt."  W.  &  B., 
"Fenstersims  im  Hause  des  Konig-s  Darius  g-emacht," 
following-  the  Assyrian  translation,  see  p.  157. 

Vithiya,  vithi  +  postpositive  a  ?  Cf.  note  p.  58. 
Spieg-el,  das  Wort  miisste,  wie  vithiya,  im  Instr.  stehen." 

INSCRIPTION   OF    ARTAXERXES   MNEMON, 

p.  89. 

Imam  apwdana.  See  translation.  W.  &  B.,  "Dieses 
apadana  (baute  mein  Ahn  Darius)." 

Anahtftrt.  W.  &  B.,  An«h(i)t«,  following-  the  Aves- 
tan  Anahit«. 

INSCRIPTION  OF  ARTAXERXES  OCHUS,  p.  91. 

Imam  usatash«nam  atha(n)g-ffmam.  See  translation, 
W.  &  B.,  "Deses  steinerne  (?)  Bauwerk." 

Usatash«nam.  So  Spieg-el.  W.  &  B.,  Ustash«nam. 
Cf.  p.  13,  §  12. 


INSCRIPTION    OF  DARIUS. 
Suez,   (S/,). 

Dar<rv<7\v/(h)ush. 

Sufca. 

a. 

na Vish)tasprthya  putra  Hr/(khanirmi- 

shiy«  Tha)tiy  Dar#y«v#(h)ush  khsh&yathiya av« 

akunrtvtfm  ty« nya  frrtslittf  th^d«yamiy. 

Fr«sht«  th^d^amiy,  W.  &  B.,  "ich  fiir  das  vorgiig-- 
lichste  halte."  For  various  theories  respecting-  the  mean- 
ing- of  Thadrtyamiy  see  supplementary  notes  to  Nr.  a, 
also  notes  pp.  148-9. 

b. 

This  inscription  rejads  about  as  B,  p.  78,  omitting-  the 
clause  hja — akuncmsh. 

Kertttan. 

This  inscription  repeats  B  p.  78,  omitting-  h}7« — aku- 
nrtush  and  after  Drthyunam  inserting-  Khshay«thiy«  ahy- 
aya  bumiya. 

Weight—inscription. 

Ad^m  Dar<?y«va(h)ush  khshayrtthiyrt  vazraka  Vish- 
taspahya  putr«  H(7kham<?nishiy«. 


201 

INSCRIPTION  OF    ARTAXERXE3  MNEMON. 
Susa. 

(Hrtkh)am«nishi(ya  Thatiy  Art^khshwtra)  khsha- 

ytithiya  \a(zr(ika  khshaytfthiya  kh)sha)^/thiyanam  khsh- 
aytf(thiya  d«hyun)am  khshay0thiy0  ahyaya  (bumiya  i)- 

mam  htfdish  uta  imam canam  ty«  ath^(n)g-«inam 

t u. 

Athrt(n)g-«inam.  See  vocabulary.    W.  &  B.,  "Fenster."' 

Hamadan. 

This  inscription  repeats  Sb.,  p.  89,  up  to  Hrtkhanumi- 
shiy« ;  from  that  point  it  reads,  Imam  Ap«dan«  vashna 

mam  Auivzmazda  Anahata  \vide  supra]  uta  M(i)tra 

(sic.)  mam  patuv uta  imam  tya  akuna  ma . 

Vrtshna mam.  W.  &  B.,  V«shn(a  Aurrtm^zdaha 

Anahatahya  uta  M(i)trahya  akuna  m)am. 

Mam  patuv uta.  W.  &  B.,  Ma(m  patuv  haca 

g-rtsta  [see  note  to  Nr.  a]  ut)a. 

Akuna.     W.  &  B.,  "ich  gebaut  (?)." 

SEAL  INSCRIPTIONS. 

a. 

Hffdflkhya  (?) th«d«tha  -  -.     W.  &  B.,  "Hada- 

khya  (?)---." 

Vtfshda  S«k«.     W.  &  B.,  "Vashda  der  Skythe  (?)" 

c. 

Vahy«v(i)shda  pay«(?)    W.  &  B.,  "Vahyavishda  --(?)" 


202 
d. 


M   Khorshadflshya.     W.  &  B.,    "ich    (bin)  Kharsha- 
dasya." 

THE  SITE  OF   PASARiiADAE. 

It  has  long-  been  a  disputed  question  whether  Pasar- 
g-adae is  to  be  identified  with  Murg-hab  where  stands  the 
monument  containing-  the  name  of  Cyrus,  described  on 
pag-e  117.  (Cf.  Notes  to  Inscription  of  Cyrus,  p.  189). 
We  give  a  few  quotations  showing-  the  diversity  of  opin- 
ions which  have  been  held  by  Cuneiform  scholars. 
Grotefend  always  believed  and  tried  to  prove  that  Mur- 
giiab  and  Pasarg-adae  are  identical.  Lassen  tried  to 
disprove  any  identity.  Menant  (les  Achemenides  et  les 
inscriptions  de  la  Persiens,  p.  17)  was  convinced  beyond 
a  doubt  that  Pasarg-adae  was  on  the  plain  of  Murg-hab. 
The  ancient  writers,  Ptolemy,  Strabo,  etc.,  show  no 
identity  between  the  two  places.  Ptolemy  puts  Pasar- 
g-adae to  the  southeast  of  Persepolis.  Strabo  says  it 
was  situated  on  the  banks  of  the  Cyrus.  Sayce,  Hero- 
dotes,  p.  75:  "(Pasarg-adae  stood  on  the  Kyros,  in  the 
south-east  of  Persia,  and  consequently  cannot  be  identi- 
fied with  Murg-hab  which  is  on  the  ancient  Araxes.'' 
Spieg-el:  "Soviel  aber  muss  g-esag-t  werden,  dass  die 
Griinde  Lassens  noch  nicht  widerleg-t  sind,  obgleich  man 
die  Ansicht,  dass  Murg-hab  das  alte  Pasarg-adae  sei,  als 
die  herrschende  bezeichnen  kann."  Weissbach:  "Wir 
besitzen  eine  kurze  Inschrift  von  Kyros,  die  von  Mur- 
g-hab. Auf  dieser  ist  der  Name  des  Vaters  nicht  ang-e- 
g-eben,  sodass  es  zweifelhaft  bleibt,  ob  sie  dem  alteren 
Kyros,  dem  Sohne  des  Kambyses,  oder  dem  Sohne  des 


Darius  Nothus  zug-ehorte. Der  altere  Kyros  sonst 

nur  noch  babylonische  Inschriften  hinterlassen. In 

der  neususischen  Inschrift  BhL  scheint  Darius,  falls  die 
Erklarung-  der  nicht  g-anz  verstandlichen  Stelle  richtig1 
ist,  zu  sag-en,  dass  er  zjierst  Inschriften  in  arisclier 
Sprache  g-eschrieben  habe."* 


INITIAL  AND  MEDIAL  H. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  author  has  consistently 
retained  initial  and  medial  H  in  such  words  as  (H)u, 
Dar«y«vtf(h)ush,  etc.  It  is  more  than  probable  that  in 
Aurtfmazda  the  influence  of  the  omitted  H  was  felt  and 
the  spelling-  A(h)uram«zda  is  sug-g-ested  in  the  vocabu- 
lary. It  is  hardly  to  be  supposed  that  contraction  took 
place  in  the  old  Iranian  dialects  when  a  consonant  fell 
out.  Hence  we  can  easily  see  the  relation  of  the  nomi- 
tive  Dar#y0vfl(h)ush  to  the  genitive  Da.rayavahaush. 
Even  in  such  a  word  as  Thatiy  for  Thahatiy  the  read- 
ing- may  be  Th«atiy  or  better  Tha(h)«tiy.  In  this  case 
we  see  the  same  relation  between  Tha(h~)atiy  and  the 
third  singular  imperfect  Ath«h«  as  between  Dar«y«- 
v«(h)ush  and  Dar«yrtvah«ush.  Cf.  Brugmann,  Grundriss 
der  verg1!.  Grammatik  der  idg.  Sprachen  under  the 
treatment  of  S  in  the  Aryan  languages.  Also  for  explan- 
ation of  Mahya  see  Bartholomae,  Bezzenbergers  Bei- 
trag-e  IX.  So  in  the  imperfect  of  Sta  we  must  believe 
that  Aishttfta  was  pronounced  A(h)isht«ta.  In  this 


*  Cf.  also  Die  Achamenideninschriften,    Zweiter    Art,  von  F.  H. 
Weissbach. 


204 


same  verb  the  shortening-  of  the  vowel  of  the  stem  is 
after  the  analogy  of  the  A-class,  as  we  should  expect 
from  the  treatment  of  the  same  root  in  Avestan  and  in 
all  periods  of  the  Sanskrit  language. 


THE  LIGATURE  TR. 

The  ligature  Tr  (see  Cuneiform  alphabet  p.  95)  which 
represents  the  primitive  Aryan  Tr  and  primitive  Iranian 
Thr  has  a  spirantal  value.  The  exact  pronunciation  is 
not  known,  but  was  distinguished  from  the  Avestan 
Thr,  (cf.  Khshathrita).  A  similar  change  of  Th  to  the 
spirant  occurs  in  the  Iranian  combination  Thy,  e.  g.  Old 
Persian  Hashiya,  Avestan,  H«ithy«,  Sanskrit,  Satya. 


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